Evidence ledger
This ledger separates regulator guidance, sponsor statements, clinical-study pages, and peer-reviewed research. It records what each source supports—and what it does not prove.
Ledger last reviewed: July 31, 2026 · CC BY 4.0 with attribution
U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Published May 11, 2026
The legal meaning of conditional approval, the reasonable-expectation-of-effectiveness standard, annual renewals, and the prohibition on extra-label use.
This explains the pathway. It is not a product-specific approval record for LOY-002.
Loyal Animal Health
Sponsor-reported intended populations, dosage form, development status, and the three major technical requirements described for LOY-002.
This is the developer's own product page, not independent confirmation of lifespan extension or an FDA approval listing.
Loyal Animal Health · Published January 13, 2026
Sponsor report that FDA accepted the Target Animal Safety technical section for LOY-002 in December 2025.
The underlying FDA review package and complete study dataset are not supplied on this page.
Loyal Animal Health · Published February 26, 2025
Sponsor report that the reasonable expectation of effectiveness technical section was accepted for LOY-002.
RXE acceptance is not conditional approval, full approval, proof of sale, or a demonstrated individual outcome.
Loyal Animal Health
Current sponsor information about the STAY study, its design, sites, and participation questions.
Trial enrollment and eligibility must be confirmed directly with the study sponsor or participating clinic.
Dog Aging Project
Independent research-program description for a placebo-controlled study of rapamycin and healthy aging in companion dogs.
A research study is not approval for owners to give rapamycin to dogs outside veterinary and study oversight.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Published September 15, 2025
FDA explains that there is no separate dietary-supplement regulatory classification for animal food substances and products.
This general regulatory page does not evaluate the safety or effectiveness of any specific canine supplement.
Scientific Reports via PubMed · Published February 1, 2024
Large population evidence that longevity varies materially across breed, body size, sex, and skull-shape groups.
Population estimates do not predict one dog's lifespan and should not be converted into treatment claims.
Dogs Trust; data from McMillan et al., Scientific Reports · Published February 1, 2024
Breed-level median survival estimates, 95% confidence intervals, total population counts, and recorded-death counts from the 584,734-dog UK dataset reported by McMillan and colleagues.
The multi-source UK population has registry, insurance, veterinary, and welfare representation biases. Cause of death and neuter status were not included, and a breed estimate cannot predict an individual outcome or treatment effect.
Conservation Genetics via PubMed · Published July 1, 2020
Evidence that body size and genetic diversity are important confounders in canine lifespan comparisons.
Observational breed-level associations do not establish that a particular intervention extends life.
American Animal Hospital Association · Published December 12, 2022
An evidence-guided framework for individualized senior assessment, diagnostics, nutrition, pain, cognition, dentistry, and quality-of-life conversations.
The guideline is written for veterinary teams and does not create a universal schedule or breed-specific diagnosis for an individual dog.
World Small Animal Veterinary Association
Use of a nutritional assessment at veterinary visits, including body-condition and muscle-condition tools rather than weight alone.
The toolkit helps structure an assessment; it cannot determine a safe target weight or diet without patient-level clinical information.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
How application numbers, required label statements, and Animal Drugs at FDA can be used to distinguish approved, conditionally approved, indexed, and unapproved products.
The page explains verification methods; it is not proof that a particular longevity product is authorized or available.
Canine Genetics and Epidemiology via PubMed Central · Published October 22, 2018
UK primary-care data on 33,320 Labrador Retrievers in the 2013 VetCompass population, including bodyweight patterns, common recorded disorders, mortality, and a reported 12.0-year median longevity.
This retrospective UK clinical-record study describes a population from 2013. It does not predict one Labrador's lifespan or prove that changing weight or any intervention extends life.
PLOS ONE via PubMed Central · Published June 16, 2022
Design and collection methods for a prospective U.S. cohort of 3,044 Golden Retrievers enrolled at 6 months to 2 years and followed through owner questionnaires, veterinary examinations, diagnoses, and biospecimens.
This is an observational cohort with specific enrollment requirements and participating owners. A cohort profile is not a longevity-drug trial and does not by itself establish causal effects or individual risk.
Canine Medicine and Genetics via PubMed Central · Published December 16, 2021
A 2016 UK VetCompass comparison of 2,781 French Bulldogs with 21,850 other dogs that adjusted disorder comparisons for age and other recorded confounders.
The French Bulldog sample was much younger than the comparison population, the analysis was observational, and disorder odds do not diagnose an individual dog or establish a treatment effect.
Canine Genetics and Epidemiology via PubMed Central · Published July 27, 2017
UK VetCompass demographic, mortality, and disorder data for German Shepherd Dogs under primary veterinary care in 2013, including a reported 10.3-year median longevity.
The retrospective clinical-record results reflect participating UK practices and historical records. Breed-level frequencies and causes of death do not predict an individual outcome or justify treatment.
Veterinary Medicine and Science via PubMed Central · Published August 16, 2021
Owner-reported mortality context across mastiff breeds, including 28 Great Danes with a reported median age at death of 8.0 years in that sample.
The Great Dane subgroup was small, self-selected, retrospective, and owner-reported. It is useful as a limited signal, not a population benchmark or individual forecast.
PLOS ONE via PubMed Central · Published February 13, 2025
UK primary-care evidence on companion Beagle demography, commonly recorded disorders, mortality, and an 11.28-year median age at death within the study's limited death window.
The authors warn that deaths observed within a limited time window are subject to right-censoring bias. Results differ from life-table and breed-club estimates because populations and methods differ.
Canine Medicine and Genetics via PubMed Central · Published May 25, 2023
UK VetCompass clinical-record findings for 3,219 Boxers during 2016, including demography, common recorded disorders, mortality, and a reported overall lifespan of 10.46 years.
The retrospective one-year clinical-record design can miss unrecorded conditions and does not prove causation, treatment effects, or an individual Boxer's expected lifespan.
BMC Veterinary Research via PubMed Central · Published February 10, 2020
Demographic and disorder context for 11,647 Chihuahuas within a 336,865-dog UK VetCompass population, with detailed disorder review in a random sample of 5,660 dogs.
The 2016 cross-sectional design reports diagnoses recorded in participating practices, combines coat varieties, and cannot establish causation, lifetime risk, or an individual treatment plan.
Canine Genetics and Epidemiology via PubMed Central · Published June 10, 2016
Within-breed clinical-record evidence from 1,009 Pugs under English primary veterinary care during 2013, including the prevalence and distribution of recorded disorders.
The historical one-year clinical-record sample was not a survival or intervention study. Recorded prevalence can differ from true prevalence and cannot diagnose an individual Pug.
Canine Genetics and Epidemiology via PubMed Central · Published November 22, 2017
UK VetCompass clinical-record evidence for 5,321 Rottweilers, including common recorded disorders, causes of death, and a reported 9.0-year median longevity.
The retrospective 2013 primary-care population may not generalize to current or non-UK dogs. Recorded frequencies do not establish predisposition, causation, or treatment benefit by themselves.
This ledger is educational. It does not replace veterinary advice or an official product label. Last reviewed 2026-08-01.