{"name":"Canine Longevity Atlas evidence source ledger","canonicalUrl":"https://doglongevityinfo.com/research","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","publisher":"Canine Longevity Atlas","reviewedAt":"2026-08-01","methodology":"https://doglongevityinfo.com/about/methodology","editorialPolicy":"https://doglongevityinfo.com/about/editorial-policy","limitations":"A source record states what a page supports and what it does not prove. Sponsor sources remain commercially interested primary sources and do not independently establish approval or an individual lifespan benefit.","records":[{"id":"fda-conditional-approval","title":"Conditional Approval Explained: A Resource for Veterinarians","publisher":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/resources-you/conditional-approval-explained-resource-veterinarians","kind":"Regulator","published":"2026-05-11","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"The legal meaning of conditional approval, the reasonable-expectation-of-effectiveness standard, annual renewals, and the prohibition on extra-label use.","limitations":"This explains the pathway. It is not a product-specific approval record for LOY-002."},{"id":"loyal-owner-product-page","title":"For dog owners","publisher":"Loyal Animal Health","url":"https://loyal.com/for-dog-owners","kind":"Sponsor","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"Sponsor-reported intended populations, dosage form, development status, and the three major technical requirements described for LOY-002.","limitations":"This is the developer's own product page, not independent confirmation of lifespan extension or an FDA approval listing."},{"id":"loyal-loy002-safety","title":"What LOY-002's latest safety milestone means","publisher":"Loyal Animal Health","url":"https://loyal.com/posts/loy-002-tas","kind":"Sponsor","published":"2026-01-13","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"Sponsor report that FDA accepted the Target Animal Safety technical section for LOY-002 in December 2025.","limitations":"The underlying FDA review package and complete study dataset are not supplied on this page."},{"id":"loyal-loy002-rxe","title":"LOY-002 receives RXE acceptance from the FDA","publisher":"Loyal Animal Health","url":"https://loyal.com/posts/loy-002-receives-rxe-from-the-fda","kind":"Sponsor","published":"2025-02-26","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"Sponsor report that the reasonable expectation of effectiveness technical section was accepted for LOY-002.","limitations":"RXE acceptance is not conditional approval, full approval, proof of sale, or a demonstrated individual outcome."},{"id":"loyal-clinical-trials","title":"Clinical trials","publisher":"Loyal Animal Health","url":"https://loyal.com/clinical-trials","kind":"Clinical study","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"Current sponsor information about the STAY study, its design, sites, and participation questions.","limitations":"Trial enrollment and eligibility must be confirmed directly with the study sponsor or participating clinic."},{"id":"dog-aging-project-triad","title":"TRIAD: Test of Rapamycin in Aging Dogs","publisher":"Dog Aging Project","url":"https://dogagingproject.org/triad/","kind":"Clinical study","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"Independent research-program description for a placebo-controlled study of rapamycin and healthy aging in companion dogs.","limitations":"A research study is not approval for owners to give rapamycin to dogs outside veterinary and study oversight."},{"id":"fda-animal-foods","title":"Animal Foods & Feeds","publisher":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/products/animal-foods-feeds","kind":"Regulator","published":"2025-09-15","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"FDA explains that there is no separate dietary-supplement regulatory classification for animal food substances and products.","limitations":"This general regulatory page does not evaluate the safety or effectiveness of any specific canine supplement."},{"id":"mcmillan-2024-longevity","title":"Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death","publisher":"Scientific Reports via PubMed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38302530/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2024-02-01","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"Large population evidence that longevity varies materially across breed, body size, sex, and skull-shape groups.","limitations":"Population estimates do not predict one dog's lifespan and should not be converted into treatment claims."},{"id":"dogs-trust-2024-breed-table","title":"Life expectancy for 155 breeds and crossbred group","publisher":"Dogs Trust; data from McMillan et al., Scientific Reports","url":"https://www.dogstrust.org.uk/downloads/life-expectancy-breeds-table-2024.pdf","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2024-02-01","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"Breed-level median survival estimates, 95% confidence intervals, total population counts, and recorded-death counts from the 584,734-dog UK dataset reported by McMillan and colleagues.","limitations":"The multi-source UK population has registry, insurance, veterinary, and welfare representation biases. Cause of death and neuter status were not included, and a breed estimate cannot predict an individual outcome or treatment effect."},{"id":"yordy-2020-size-inbreeding","title":"Body size, inbreeding, and lifespan in domestic dogs","publisher":"Conservation Genetics via PubMed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32607099/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2020-07-01","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"Evidence that body size and genetic diversity are important confounders in canine lifespan comparisons.","limitations":"Observational breed-level associations do not establish that a particular intervention extends life."},{"id":"aaha-2023-senior-care","title":"2023 AAHA Senior Care Guidelines for Dogs and Cats","publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","url":"https://www.aaha.org/resources/2023-aaha-senior-care-guidelines-for-dogs-and-cats/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2022-12-12","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"An evidence-guided framework for individualized senior assessment, diagnostics, nutrition, pain, cognition, dentistry, and quality-of-life conversations.","limitations":"The guideline is written for veterinary teams and does not create a universal schedule or breed-specific diagnosis for an individual dog."},{"id":"wsava-global-nutrition","title":"Global Nutrition Guidelines and Toolkit","publisher":"World Small Animal Veterinary Association","url":"https://wsava.org/global-guidelines/global-nutrition-guidelines/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"Use of a nutritional assessment at veterinary visits, including body-condition and muscle-condition tools rather than weight alone.","limitations":"The toolkit helps structure an assessment; it cannot determine a safe target weight or diet without patient-level clinical information."},{"id":"fda-legally-marketed-animal-drugs","title":"How can I tell if a drug is legally marketed for animals?","publisher":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/unapproved-animal-drugs/how-can-i-tell-if-drug-legally-marketed-animals","kind":"Regulator","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"How application numbers, required label statements, and Animal Drugs at FDA can be used to distinguish approved, conditionally approved, indexed, and unapproved products.","limitations":"The page explains verification methods; it is not proof that a particular longevity product is authorized or available."},{"id":"labrador-vetcompass-2018","title":"Labrador retrievers under primary veterinary care in the UK: demography, mortality and disorders","publisher":"Canine Genetics and Epidemiology via PubMed Central","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6196571/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2018-10-22","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"UK primary-care data on 33,320 Labrador Retrievers in the 2013 VetCompass population, including bodyweight patterns, common recorded disorders, mortality, and a reported 12.0-year median longevity.","limitations":"This retrospective UK clinical-record study describes a population from 2013. It does not predict one Labrador's lifespan or prove that changing weight or any intervention extends life."},{"id":"golden-retriever-lifetime-cohort","title":"Cohort profile: The Golden Retriever Lifetime Study","publisher":"PLOS ONE via PubMed Central","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9182714/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2022-06-16","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"Design and collection methods for a prospective U.S. cohort of 3,044 Golden Retrievers enrolled at 6 months to 2 years and followed through owner questionnaires, veterinary examinations, diagnoses, and biospecimens.","limitations":"This is an observational cohort with specific enrollment requirements and participating owners. A cohort profile is not a longevity-drug trial and does not by itself establish causal effects or individual risk."},{"id":"french-bulldog-vetcompass-2021","title":"French Bulldogs differ to other dogs in the UK in propensity for many common disorders","publisher":"Canine Medicine and Genetics via PubMed Central","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8675495/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2021-12-16","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"A 2016 UK VetCompass comparison of 2,781 French Bulldogs with 21,850 other dogs that adjusted disorder comparisons for age and other recorded confounders.","limitations":"The French Bulldog sample was much younger than the comparison population, the analysis was observational, and disorder odds do not diagnose an individual dog or establish a treatment effect."},{"id":"german-shepherd-vetcompass-2017","title":"Demography and disorders of German Shepherd Dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK","publisher":"Canine Genetics and Epidemiology via PubMed Central","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5532765/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2017-07-27","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"UK VetCompass demographic, mortality, and disorder data for German Shepherd Dogs under primary veterinary care in 2013, including a reported 10.3-year median longevity.","limitations":"The retrospective clinical-record results reflect participating UK practices and historical records. Breed-level frequencies and causes of death do not predict an individual outcome or justify treatment."},{"id":"great-dane-mastiff-mortality-2021","title":"Mastiff breed mortality: A study of owner experience, dog age and longevity","publisher":"Veterinary Medicine and Science via PubMed Central","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8379649/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2021-08-16","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"Owner-reported mortality context across mastiff breeds, including 28 Great Danes with a reported median age at death of 8.0 years in that sample.","limitations":"The Great Dane subgroup was small, self-selected, retrospective, and owner-reported. It is useful as a limited signal, not a population benchmark or individual forecast."},{"id":"beagle-vetcompass-2025","title":"Beagles kept as companion animals in the UK: demography, disorders and mortality","publisher":"PLOS ONE via PubMed Central","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11827713/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2025-02-13","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"UK primary-care evidence on companion Beagle demography, commonly recorded disorders, mortality, and an 11.28-year median age at death within the study's limited death window.","limitations":"The authors warn that deaths observed within a limited time window are subject to right-censoring bias. Results differ from life-table and breed-club estimates because populations and methods differ."},{"id":"boxer-vetcompass-2023","title":"Demography, common disorders and mortality of Boxer dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK","publisher":"Canine Medicine and Genetics via PubMed Central","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10234096/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2023-05-25","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"UK VetCompass clinical-record findings for 3,219 Boxers during 2016, including demography, common recorded disorders, mortality, and a reported overall lifespan of 10.46 years.","limitations":"The retrospective one-year clinical-record design can miss unrecorded conditions and does not prove causation, treatment effects, or an individual Boxer's expected lifespan."},{"id":"chihuahua-vetcompass-2020","title":"Demography and commonly recorded clinical conditions of Chihuahuas under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2016","publisher":"BMC Veterinary Research via PubMed Central","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7014602/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2020-02-10","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"Demographic and disorder context for 11,647 Chihuahuas within a 336,865-dog UK VetCompass population, with detailed disorder review in a random sample of 5,660 dogs.","limitations":"The 2016 cross-sectional design reports diagnoses recorded in participating practices, combines coat varieties, and cannot establish causation, lifetime risk, or an individual treatment plan."},{"id":"pug-vetcompass-2016","title":"Demography and health of Pugs under primary veterinary care in England","publisher":"Canine Genetics and Epidemiology via PubMed Central","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4903005/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2016-06-10","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"Within-breed clinical-record evidence from 1,009 Pugs under English primary veterinary care during 2013, including the prevalence and distribution of recorded disorders.","limitations":"The historical one-year clinical-record sample was not a survival or intervention study. Recorded prevalence can differ from true prevalence and cannot diagnose an individual Pug."},{"id":"rottweiler-vetcompass-2017","title":"Rottweilers under primary veterinary care in the UK: demography, mortality and disorders","publisher":"Canine Genetics and Epidemiology via PubMed Central","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5698930/","kind":"Peer-reviewed research","published":"2017-11-22","checked":"2026-08-01","supports":"UK VetCompass clinical-record evidence for 5,321 Rottweilers, including common recorded disorders, causes of death, and a reported 9.0-year median longevity.","limitations":"The retrospective 2013 primary-care population may not generalize to current or non-UK dogs. Recorded frequencies do not establish predisposition, causation, or treatment benefit by themselves."}]}